ASL 110: Word Processing & Desktop Publishing 1/ASL Software Publishing - Word Processing - Desktop Publishing PAK 1 (1995).ISO/aslvol10/appl12/manual.7

Text File | 1991-06-06 | 26KB | 577 lines

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               |  Section 7: PAGE LAYOUT  |
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CONTENTS

7.1 Page Styles
7.2 Multiple Columns
7.3 Leading (Line Spacing)
7.4 Headers and Footers
7.5 Layout Printing Sequence
7.6 The Folio (Page Number)
7.7 Vertical Justification
7.8 Widows and Orphans
7.9 Page Layout Over-Rides


7.1 PAGE STYLES

7.1.1 PAPER SIZES

The PREVIEW and DOT-MATRIX PRINTER DRIVER functions of Version 2.2C of
the Rubicon Publisher support only one size of paper: Letter Size
(8.5x11 inches). Of course, you do not have to use the entire page: you
can make the printed area of the page as small as you like, by adopting
appropriate margin settings, using the <Margin...> instruction tags
explained below.

Many of the laser and PostScript printers supported by the Publisher
will accommodate more than one size of paper. The Publisher can be
adjusted to conform to any size of paper such printers can handle, by
means of the tag: <PAPER long= short=> where
                    long= the long dimension (length or height) of
                    the paper, and
                    short= the short dimension (width) of the paper,
                    specified in any units accepted by the Publisher.

7.1.2 THE PRINTABLE ZONE

Many printers, especially laser printers, are not capable of printing
right out to the edges of the paper: there are "unprintable" areas
along the top, bottom, and sides of the paper, which the printhead
cannot reach. We will refer to these as the "Unprintable Zone", and the
remaining portion of the page as the "Printable Zone". Note that
the unprintable zone forms a frame around the printable zone.

For the HP Laserjet II printer, in "portrait" (normal) mode, there
are normally unprintable strips 0.50 inches wide across the top and
bottom edges of the page, and 0.25 wide along the left and right edges
of the page.

Unfortunately, different models of printer have different unprintable
zones. If the unprintable zone dimensions for the particular printer
in use are unknown, and cannot be determined from the printer manual,
it is prudent to allow for unprintable zones of up to one-half inch
on all sides, when specifying the page layout co-ordinates.

7.1.3 PAGE LAYOUT CO-ORDINATES

All page layout measurements used by the Publisher are measured from the
TOP LEFT CORNER of the paper. This is called the ORIGIN of the page. It
can be regarded as the origin point (0,0) of a Cartesian co-ordinate
system, of which the x-axis, representing rows, extends down the left
side of the paper, and the y-axis, representing columns, extends across
the top.

PAGE ORIENTATION

The normal orientation of printed text on a page is referred to as
"Portrait" mode: the paper is oriented vertically; that is, one of the
short edges is the top. Ordinary text is almost always printed in
Portrait mode.

The alternative page orientation is called "Landscape". When text is
printed in Landscape mode, the paper is oriented horizontally, or
"turned sideways"; that is, one of the long edges is the top, so the
width of the page is greater than its length. This mode is generally
used only if there is some special reason which makes it necessary, for
example if information is being presented in tabular form, and the table
is too wide to fit on the page in normal (Portrait) orientation.

Landscape printing is initiated by the tag <landscape=on>, and cancelled
by the tag <landscape=off>. If this tag is used, it must be read by
the Publisher at the beginning of the file, before any printable text.
It should be followed by one or more <margin> tags, setting all 6
margins, which must also precede any printable text.

NOTE: The current version of the Publisher does not support Landscape
      printing on dot-matrix printers, and documents in Landscape
      orientation cannot be Previewed.

The default mode of printing is Portrait; that is, if there is no
<landscape=> tag, the document will be printed in the normal Portrait
orientation.

PAGE INTERIOR

The tag:

<margin top= left= bottom= right= > where
             top= defines the top margin of the page interior
             left= defines the left margin of the page interior
             bottom= defines the bottom margin of the page interior
             right= defines the right margin of the page interior

is used to define four margins around the edges of the page. These
margins in turn define a rectangle called the "Page Interior". The
Publisher prints the main text within the confines of the page interior.
Auxiliary text such as headers, footers, and footnotes may be printed
outside the page interior, for example, in the top or bottom margins.

When specifying margins, it is of course necessary to ensure that the
specified locations (particularly for the right and bottom margins) fall
INSIDE THE PRINTABLE ZONE for the size of paper being used. Note that
all margin locations are measured FROM THE ORIGIN.

EXAMPLE:
<margin top=1.0in left=0.75in right=7.75in bottom=10.0in><qz><R>
defines a page interior 7 inches wide and 9 inches long.

Margins may be specified using any of the units of measurement accepted
by the Publisher.

HEADER AND FOOTER DROP

The combination tag:

<MARGIN header=m footer=n>

or the separate tags:

<MARGIN header=m> and <MARGIN footer=n>

are used to define the header-drop m and the footer-drop n, that is, the
locations of the top (highest ascender) of the header and of the footer.


Example: the tag <margin header=1in footer=10in> will locate the top of
the header one inch below the top of the page, and the top of the footer
ten (10.0) inches below the top of the page.

When specifying header and footer locations, it is necessary to make
sure that they fall INSIDE THE PRINTABLE ZONE. In most cases, it is also
necessary to make sure that they fall FAR ENOUGH OUTSIDE THE PAGE
INTERIOR so that the header and footer will not impinge on the main
text.

If the header (or footer) consists of more than one line of text, the
definition of the header (or footer) should contain an appropriate
<leading...> tag, to ensure proper line spacing within the header (or
footer).

Normally, the contents of the header are printed entirely above the
page interior, in the top margin, and the contents of the footer are
printed entirely below the page interior, in the bottom margin, with
a reasonable amount of space separating them from the main text. However,
the Publisher has the ability to position items anywhere on the page
while printing a header or footer. For example, it is possible to
place a ruling line between the columns of the page interior, from
a header or footer.

7.2 MULTIPLE COLUMNS

7.2.1 THE COLUMN TAG

The arrangement of text in columns is governed by this very important
tag:

<column...>.

Two alternative procedures are available for specifying a multiple
column layout. The column measure (width) and gutter-width may be
specified, in which case the Publisher will automatically calculate the
number of columns which will fit on a page. Alternatively, the count
(number) of columns and the gutter-width may be specified, in which case
the Publisher will automatically calculate the corresponding column
measure.

7.2.2 COLUMN MEASURE

The first alternative is implemented by the tag:

<column measure= gutter= >   where
             measure= specifies the column measure (width), and
             gutter= specifies the column gutter (space between columns).

The column measure and gutter may be specified with any of the units
of measurement accepted by the Publisher. The tag settings take effect
at the end of the current output line.

At run time, the Publisher will automatically lay out columns and
gutters of the specified dimensions on a page until the space remaining
in the page interior is insufficient for another column, and will
then start a new page. Of course, the specified column measure (width)
must not exceed the width of the page interior.

It is possible to use any column measure which does not exceed the
width of the page interior, but for practical reasons, some choices
are better than others.

Unless blank space is being deliberately preserved to accommodate
illustrations, or for some other reason, it is usually desired to
use all, or at least most, of the page interior for text. Accordingly,
if the page interior is 7 inches wide, a column width of 4 inches
would be a poor choice, since there would be room for only one such
column per page, and more than 40% of the page interior would be left
blank.

7.2.3 COLUMN COUNT

The second alternative is implemented by the tag:

<column count= gutter= >   where
             count= specifies the number of columns per page, and
             gutter= specifies the column gutter (space between columns).

At run time, the Publisher will automatically lay out the specified
number of columns and gutters of the specified dimensions on each
page.

It is possible to use any value for the column count, but for practical
reasons, a value should be chosen which will produce lines of text which
are neither too short nor too long for the size of type being used.
Several narrow columns are easier to read than one very wide column,
provided that each column is wide enough to contain a reasonable number
of words of average length. The proper width for a column therefore
depends on the type size: in general, the smaller the type, the narrower
the columns should be. As an approximate "rule of thumb", the line
length in picas (6ths of an inch) should not exceed twice the type size
measured in points.  For example, a line of 12-point type should not
exceed 24 picas (4 inches).

Of course, the values given by this rule should be regarded as
guidelines, rather than rigid rules. For some documents, it may be
necessary to depart from these values, for a variety of reasons, even
though this will result in some loss of readability. For example, some
kinds of documents set in 12-point or smaller type are routinely
formatted in a single full-width column, much wider than 4 inches, to
comply with custom or tradition, or because such a format is required by
law or government regulation.

NOTE: In theory, the <Column...> tag can be used anywhere in a document,
      but changing the column setup in the middle of a page is tricky,
      and should not normally be attempted. Generally, the <Column..>
      tag should only be used at the beginning of a document, or at the
      beginning of a page following a "hard" page break. A full-width
      heading on a multi-column page can be produced by defining it as a
      header: see Section 7.4.


7.3 LEADING (LINE SPACING)

Leading (pronounced "ledding") refers to the vertical spacing between
lines of type, measured from baseline of one line to the baseline of the
next.

The tag:

<leading line= para= >, where
         line= defines the inter-line leading or "line spacing", and
         para= defines the inter-paragraph leading or "paragraph
         spacing",

is used to define the vertical spacing between lines and paragraphs.
This tag takes effect at at the end of the current output line. Any unit
of measurment accepted by the Publisher may be used in this tag.

Line leading is space between output lines, measured from baseline
to baseline. Paragraph leading is an extra amount of vertical space
added between paragraphs. The last line of one paragraph and the first
line of the next paragraph are separated by the normal line leading
plus the paragraph leading (measured from baseline to baseline).

The amount of leading used is to some extent a matter of style: however,
it must be sufficient to ensure that the descenders of one line do
not overlap the capital letters or ascenders of the next line, and
if underlining is being used in the text, additional leading may be
needed to accommodate it. The amount of leading needed obviously depends
on the point size of the type. It may also depend on the typeface:
some styles have longer ascenders and descenders than others.

Normally, the line leading must be at least as large as the point size
of the type, and preferably somewhat larger.  As an approximate
guideline, a leading 20% greater than the point size is recommended for
small type sizes (less than 12 point); a leading 25% greater than the
point size is recommended for larger type sizes (12 point and up). For
example, the recommended leading for 8-point type is 9.5 points; the
recommended leading for 12-point type is 15 points.

When the type size changes from one line to the next, a value
for the leading between the two lines may be calculated as 1/3 the
leading for the point size of the first line, PLUS 2/3
the leading for the point size of the second line. EXAMPLE:
If one line is in 6-point type and the next line is in 10-point, the
leading between the two lines should be 1/3 x 7
+ 2/3 x 12 = 10.3 points. When the calculated value includes
a fraction, it is prudent to round it up to the next point: 11 points in
the present example.

The leading need not be specified in points: any unit of measurement
recognized by the Publisher may be used.

7.4 HEADERS AND FOOTERS

A Header or Running Head consists of one or more lines of text printed
at the top of every page. The contents of the header may be changed from
time to time. Sometimes, there might be no header at all. The header
text may be printed anywhere on the page; it is not restricted to the
top margin above the page interior, although it is normally confined to
that area.

A Footer or Running Foot consists of one or more lines of text printed
at the bottom of every page. The contents of the footer may be changed
from time to time. Sometimes, there might be no footer at all. The
footer text may be printed anywhere on the page; it is not restricted to
the bottom margin below the page interior, although it is normally
confined to that area.

The Publisher does not calculate line breaks or perform paragraphing
inside headers or footers. It is the user's responsibility to place all
desired line breaks inside header and footer definitions.

HEADER/FOOTER POSITIONING

The header-drop is the distance from the TOP of the page to the TOP of
the header; the footer-drop is the distance from the TOP of the page to
the TOP of the footer.

The header- and footer-drop are set via the tags
<margin header= > and <margin footer= >, or the combined tag
<margin header= footer= >

If the header or footer contains more than one line, the interline
leading, line break tags, and alignment instructions can be used to
position lines within the header or footer.
The positioning of headers and footers is described in more detail
under "Page Layout Co-Ordinates" (Section 7.1.3).

HEADER/FOOTER DEFINITION

The text for a header is defined by placing it between the tags

<header>
....
....
....
....
<end>

The text for a footer is defined by placing it between the tags

<footer>
....
....
....
....
<end>

The tags <header>, <footer> and <end> are PUBLISHER DIRECTIVES. Unlike
other tags, a directive must appear by itself on a separate line. That
is, there should be no material whatsoever on the same line as the
directive tag, either before or after it.

Headers and footer definitions may consist of any number of input lines.
Each input line should end with a line break tag (quad tag). Headers and
footers may be defined inside include files.

7.5 LAYOUT PRINTING SEQUENCE

The Publisher goes through the following steps, in the given order,
as it lays out each page.

1. Header. Print the most recently defined header (defined before the
first printable character of the page interior). Note: a header intended
to appear on the first page must be defined in the initialization
sequence, before any printable character.

2. Page Interior. Format and print the page interior, according to the
paragraphing, columning, etc. specified by the user.

3. Footer. Print the most recently defined footer (defined before the
last printed character of the page interior).

There are certain special tags that only function inside headers and
footers. They have no effect in the page interior. See the Folio section
below.

PRESERVED VARIABLES

The following variables are saved before a header or footer is printed,
and are restored afterward. In this way, tag settings in the page
interior will not affect tag settings in a header or footer, and vice
versa.
         font
         column width
         justification
         para indent
         left indent
         right indent
         interline leading

7.6 THE FOLIO (PAGE NUMBER)

The "folio" is the usual typesetting term for the page number. The
Publisher can automatically print the folio as part of the header or
footer text. The digit representation of the folio can be in Arabic
Numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) or Roman Numerals (I, II, III, IV, etc.).
Roman numerals may be printed in upper case or lower case letters. The
folio is optional; it can be disabled, or printed at a particular
location, as specified by the user.

The tag for printing the page number is:

<PN> - Print Page Number (Print Folio)

This command may appear anywhere in the header or footer definitions. As
it occurs in an output line, it is replaced by the current page number.
Example: to print the folio at the bottom, center of each page, place
the following code into the footer definition: <PN><QC>

The tag:

<PN=n> -  Set Page Number (Set Folio)

sets the folio number to the specified value n. It will take effect for
the next folio that is printed. The page number will be increased by one
on each subsequent page. In the absence of a <PN=n> tag, page numbering
will start at "1".

NOTE: The tag <PN=n> must NOT be placed inside a header or footer.

DIGIT REPRESENTATIONS

The folio can appear in ordinary Arabic digits (1,2,3...), in uppercase
Roman numerals (I, II, III ...) or in lowercase Roman numerals (i, ii,
iii ...). The digit representation of the folio is controlled as
follows:

<folio roman= case= >
         roman= `1' Roman Numerals; `0' Arabic Numerals
         case= `1' Upper Case Numerals; `0' Lower Case Numerals (only
         applicable to Roman numerals)

If the document in the text file is going to stand alone, the page
numbering will normally start at `1'. However, if it is part of a
lengthy document occupying several files, and if the whole document
is to be numbered continuously when published, the numbering of the
pages in the second and subsequent files will start at values other
than `1'. For example, if the first file of a long document takes
up 11 pages when published, the numbering of the second file would
start at `12'; if the second file, when published, ends at page `21',
the numbering of the third file would start at `22'; and so on.

7.7 VERTICAL JUSTIFICATION

The term Vertical Justification is applied to the process of making a
small alteration in the length of the space occupied by the text; this
is often done to make the text fit into a specified number of pages, or
columns. Such "vertical justification" of a document may be accomplished
by adjustment of such variables as the line leading, the paragraph
leading, the top margin and the bottom margin, to change the number of
lines of text appearing on each page.

EXAMPLE: A document is processed by the Publisher; it fills 4 pages, and
runs over on to a fifth page that contains only 3 lines of text. This
not only has a clumsy, unprofessional appearance, but is also wasteful,
particularly if 5000 copies of the document are going to be printed. We
will assume that the document is being printed in 10-point type with the
optimum line leading of 12 points, that the paragraph leading is also 12
points, and the page interior is 9 inches long. The need for the short
5th page can be eliminated by the simple step of reducing the line
leading and paragraph leading by 0.24 points, to 11.76 points. The
reduced leading is still well within the recommended range for 10-point
type: indeed, the change is so small that it will hardly be visible to
the naked eye; but it will make room for an extra line of text on each
page, so that the document will end one line short of the bottom of the
4th page.

NOTE: The smallest increment by which leading (or any other Publisher
      parameter) can be adjusted is 1 "dot", and the size of a "dot"
      depends on the resolution of the output device. For 300x300 dpi
      devices (most laser printers), a "dot" is 1/300 inch, or 0.24
      points. For 180x180 dpi devices (most 24-pin dot-matrix printers),
      a "dot" is 1/180 inch, or 0.4 points. For 120x72 dpi devices (most
      9-pin dot-matrix printers), a "(vertical) dot" is 1/72 inch, or 1
      point.

In this Example, the need for a 5th page could also be eliminated by
increasing the length of the page interior to allow an extra line of
text on each page, for example by moving the bottom margin down 12
points (about 0.167 inches), or by moving the top margin up 6 points,
and moving the bottom margin down 6 points. This method would be more
visible, but may be acceptable in some cases, provided that it leaves
enough space for the header and footer (if any), and that a minor
alteration in margins and page interior is not otherwise objectionable.

In the foregoing Example, vertical justification was applied to an
entire document, but it can also be applied to part of a document.
For example, the leading of part of the document may be reduced or
increased to change the location of a column break or page break.

7.8 WIDOWS AND ORPHANS

In typesetting parlance, the term "orphan" is often applied to:

1. The last line of a paragraph, standing alone at the
beginning of a page or column; and

2. A heading for a new paragraph or section, or the
first line of a new paragraph, standing alone at the end of a page
or column.

Orphans look awkward, impair the legibility of the document, and should
therefore be avoided.

An orphan of type (1) can be removed by using vertical justification;
that is, the leading of part (or all) of the document preceding the
orphan can be reduced slightly in order to pull the orphan back into
the preceding column, or it can be increased slightly to push one
or more lines forward into the new column to keep the orphan company.

Essentially the same method can be used to correct orphans of type
(2). That is, the technique of vertical justification may be used
to push the heading (or first line) forward into the next column,
or to pull some text back from the next column.

In typesetting parlance, the short last line of a paragraph, if less
than one-third the normal line length, is called a widow. The
best typsetting practice is to avoid widows. (A widow which contains
nothing but the concluding part of a hyphenated word is particularly
objectionable.) A short widow at the end of a paragraph can generally
be eliminated by Tracking part or all of the paragraph, to pull the
contents of the widow back into the preceding line. A relatively long
widow at the end of a paragraph can generally be eliminated by Expanding
part or all of the paragraph to push additional text into the last
line so that it will no longer be a widow.

7.9 PAGE LAYOUT OVER-RIDES

When a document is being processed by the Publisher, the areas available
for text in a column, and on a page, are defined by the page layout
instructions, and the Publisher automatically starts a new column or
page when the current one is full. However, it is sometimes desirable to
override these automatic functions, and force the start of a new column
or page before the current one is completely full. This is known as
inserting a "hard" column break or page break. It is done by means of
the following Publisher Directives:

<NP> -  New Page. Starts a new page, beginning with the next line.

<NC> - New Column. Starts a new column, beginning with the next line.

Note that these tags are "Directives". A Directive must be located on a
line by itself, with no text or other instruction tags on the same line.

EXAMPLE:  Suppose that in PUBLishing this section of the Manual, an
automatic page
break occurred immediately after the heading for Section 7.9, leaving
the heading alone at the bottom of a page. A "hard page break" can be
used to move the heading to the top of the next page, as follows:

         A relatively long widow at the end of a paragraph
         can generally be eliminated by Expanding part or all
         of the paragraph to push additional text into the
         last line so that it will no longer be a widow.<QL>
         <NP>
         7.9 PAGE LAYOUT OVER-RIDES

         When a document is being processed by the Publisher,
         the areas available for text in a column, and on a
         page, are defined by the page layout instructions,
         and the Publisher automatically starts a new column
         or page when the current one is full. However, it is